我们为何偏好公平：一个演化视角的解释
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| Title | Why Do We Prefer Fairness: An Explanation Based on Evolutionary View
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| 作者 | 董志强 |
| Author | Dong Zhiqiang |
| 作者单位 | 华南师范大学经济与管理学院 |
| Organization | School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University |
| 作者Email | dongzhiqiang.cn@gmail.com |
| 中文关键词 | 公平心理；演化；进化心理机制；多主体仿真；理性 |
| Key Words | Fairness psychology; Evolution; Evolved psychological mechanisms; Multi-agent simulation; Rationality |
| 内容提要 | 当代行为经济学已经确认人类存在公平心理偏好，但并未回答它从何而来。本文提出一个演化解释：人类公平偏好的根源可能在于人类早期的进化过程。通过一个演化博弈模型和随机演化仿真模型表明：①在一个完全封闭的族群中，公平偏好的单态社会是随机稳定的演化均衡，非公平偏好的双态社会也是演化稳定的但并非随机稳定的；②若同时考虑族群之间的竞争，则公平偏好的单态社会将是唯一的演化稳定均衡。其原因在于，合作机会多少与合作利益大小是此消彼长的，公平行为最能够平衡合作机会与合作利益对生存竞争的影响，从而成为个体-族群两个层面的生存竞争中最具适存性优势的行为模式。人类的公平偏好，可能源于本能性的公平行为在人类早期进化中的适存性优势。这一认识有助于为行为经济学的公平偏好假设提供逻辑支持，也有助于从新的视角思考人们的非理性行为，以及探索经济理性的边界。当然，本文的逻辑仍有待古人类学、进化心理学和生物学等学科的研究来提供更充分的证据事实。 |
| Abstract | Cotemporary behavioral economics make it convinced that human being has fairness preference, but do not reveal why it exists. This paper develops an evolutionary explanation to it that fairness preference of human being origins from the process of earlier human being evolution. Based on an evolutionary game model and a stochastic evolution simulation model, this paper shows that, a) in a closed group, singular state society with fairness preference is stochastic evolutionary stable equilibrium, while dual-state society with non-fairness preference is also evolutionary stable but not stochastic stable; b) if the competitions among groups are considered, the only evolutionary stable equilibrium is the singular state society with fairness preference. The reasons are as follows, there is a tradeoff between cooperation opportunity for and the cooperation benefit, and fair behavior can balance the effects of cooperation opportunity and cooperation benefit on survival competition, and then becomes the behavioral paradigm with optimal fitness in survival competition at both individual and group level. This notion is helpful to find a theoretical logic to support the fairness preference hypothesis in behavioral economics, as well as to rethink the human irrational behaviors from a new perspective, and explore the bounds of rationality. The theoretical logic in this paper is yet to be documented by more determinative evidences from paleanthropology, evolutionary psychology and biology. |
| 文章编号 | wp14 |
| 登载时间 | 2010-10-19 |
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